Pelo ea li-amphibians ke eng: tlhaloso e qaqileng le litšobotsi

Amphibians ke karolo ea sehlopha sa li-vertebrates tse maoto a mane, ka kakaretso sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa mefuta e ka bang likete tse tšeletseng le makholo a supileng a liphoofolo, ho kenyelletsa le lihoho, li-salamanders le li-newts. Sehlopha sena se nkoa e le seoelo. Ho na le mefuta e mashome a mabeli a metso e robeli Russia le mefuta e makholo a mabeli le mashome a mane a metso e supileng Madagascar.

Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing ke tsa liphoofotsoana tsa khale tsa lefats'e, li lula maemong a mahareng lipakeng tsa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le tsa lefatše, hobane mefuta e mengata ea mefuta e tsoala le ho hola tikolohong ea metsing, 'me batho ba seng ba hōlile ba qala ho phela naheng.

Ma-Amphibians na le matšoafo, eo ba e hemang, potoloho ea mali e na le li-circles tse peli, 'me pelo e na le likamore tse tharo. Madi a amphibians a arotsoe ka venous le arterial. Ho tsamaea ha liphoofolo tse phelang metsing ho etsahala ka thuso ea maoto le matsoho a menoana e mehlano, 'me a na le manonyeletso a chitja. Lesapo la mokokotlo le lehata li hlalosoa ka mokhoa o sisinyehang. Palatine square cartilage e kopana le autostyle, 'me himandibular e fetoha ossicle ea kutlo. Ho utloa ka li-amphibians ho phethahetse ho feta litlhapi: ho phaella ho tsebe e ka hare, ho boetse ho na le tsebe e bohareng. Mahlo a ikamahanya le maemo ho bona hantle libakeng tse fapaneng.

Lefatšeng, li-amphibians ha lia tloaeleha ho phela - sena se ka bonoa lithong tsohle. Thempereichara ea liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing e itšetlehile ka mongobo le mocheso oa tikoloho ea tsona. Bokhoni ba bona ba ho tsamaea le ho tsamaea naheng bo na le moeli.

Ho potoloha le tsamaiso ea mali

Ma-Amphibians ba le pelo e nang le likamore tse tharo, e na le ventricle le atria ka bongata ba likotoana tse peli. Ka caudate le legless, atria e nepahetseng le e letšehali ha e arohane ka ho feletseng. Li-Anuran li na le septum e feletseng pakeng tsa atria, empa li-amphibians li na le monyetla o le mong o tloaelehileng o kopanyang ventricle le atria ka bobeli. Ho phaella moo, ka pelong ea li-amphibians ho na le sinus ea venous, e amohelang mali a venous le ho buisana le atrium e nepahetseng. Khoune ea arterial e kopana le pelo, mali a tšolleloa ho eona ho tsoa ventricle.

Ho na le conus arteriosus phula ea spiral, e tsamaisang mali ka lipara tse tharo tsa methapo. Lenane la pelo ke karo-karolelano ea boima ba pelo ho peresente ea boima ba 'mele, ho itšetlehile ka hore na phoofolo e mafolofolo hakae. Ka mohlala, joang le lihohoana tse tala li sisinyeha hanyenyane haholo ’me pelo ea tsona e otla ka tlaase ho halofo ea peresente. Mme senqanqane se mahlahahlaha se na le hoo e ka bang peresente e le nngwe.

Ka li-larvae tsa amphibian, ho potoloha ha mali ho na le selikalikoe se le seng, tsamaiso ea bona ea mali e tšoana le litlhapi: atrium e le 'ngoe ka pelong le ventricle, ho na le methapo ea methapo ea methapo e kenang ka lipara tse 4 tsa methapo ea gill. Methapo ea pele e meraro e arotsoe ka li-capillari ka ntle le ka hare, 'me li-capillaries tsa branchial li kopana ka har'a methapo ea makala. Mothapo o tsamaisang karolo ea pele ea lekala e arohana ho ba methapo ea carotid, e fanang ka hlooho ka mali.

methapo ea methapo

Ho kopanya ea bobeli le ea boraro methapo ea methapo ea methapo ka metso ea aorta e nepahetseng le e ka ho le letšehali 'me ho kopana ha bona ho hlaha mokokotlong oa mokokotlo. Methapo ea ho qetela ea methapo ea methapo ha e arohane ka li-capillaries, hobane karolong ea bone e kenang ka hare le ka ntle, aorta ea mokokotlo e phalla metso. Tsoelo-pele le ho thehoa ha matšoafo ho tsamaisana le ho tsosolosoa ha potoloho ea mali.

Atrium e arotsoe ke septum ea longitudinal ho ea ka ho le letšehali le ka ho le letona, e leng se etsang hore pelo e be le likamore tse tharo. Marang-rang a li-capillaries a fokotsehile 'me a fetoha methapo ea carotid,' me metso ea dorsal aorta e tsoa ho lipara tsa bobeli, li-caudate li boloka para ea boraro, ha para ea bone e fetoha methapo ea letlalo-pulmonary. The circulatory peripheral system le yona e a fetolwa mme e fumana sebopeho se mahareng pakeng tsa leano la lefatshe le la metsi. Phetoho e kholo ka ho fetisisa e etsahala ho li-amphibian anurans.

Li-amphibians tse kholo li na le pelo e nang le likamore tse tharo: ventricle e le 'ngoe le atria ka bongata ba likotoana tse peli. Sinus e nang le marako a masesaane e kopana le atrium ka lehlakoreng le letona, 'me kholu ea methapo e tloha ventricle. Ho ka fihleloa qeto ea hore pelo e na le likarolo tse hlano. Ho na le sebaka se tloaelehileng sa ho bula, ka lebaka leo atria e bulehang ka har'a ventricle. Li-valve tsa atrioventricular le tsona li teng moo, ha li lumelle mali hore a kenelle ka har'a atrium ha ventricle e kopana.

Ho na le sebopeho sa likamore tse 'maloa tse buisanang ka lebaka la ho tsoa ha mesifa ea marako a ventricular - sena ha se lumelle mali hore a kopane. The arterial cone e tloha ventricle e nepahetseng, 'me spiral cone e teng ka hare ho eona. Ho tloha ho li-cone arterial arches li qala ho tloha ka bongata ba lipara tse tharo, qalong lijana li na le lera le tloaelehileng.

Methapo ea matšoafo ea ka ho le letšehali le ka ho le letona suthela hole le khoune pele. Joale metso ea aorta e qala ho tloha. Li-arches tse peli tsa makala li arola methapo e 'meli ea methapo: subclavia le occipital-vertebral, li fana ka mali ho forelimbs le mesifa ea' mele, 'me li kopana ka har'a aorta ea mokokotlo tlas'a lesapo la mokokotlo. The dorsal aorta e arola mothapo o matla oa enteromesenteric (mothapo ona o fana ka phapu ea tšilo ea lijo ka mali). Ha e le makala a mang, mali a phalla ka dorsal aorta ho ea maotong a ka morao le lithong tse ling.

Methapo ea carotid

Methapo ea carotid ke eona ea ho qetela e tlohang ho arterial cone le e arotsoe ka hare le kantle methapo ea mali. Mali a venous a tsoang maotong a ka morao le karolo ea 'mele e ka morao a bokelloa ke methapo ea sciatic le ea femoral, e kopanang le methapong ea renal portal ebe e arohana ka li-capillaries liphio, ke hore, tsamaiso ea renal portal e thehoa. Methapo e tloha ka ho le letšehali le ka ho le letona methapong ea botšehali 'me e kopana ka har'a mothapo o sa lekanyetsoang oa mpeng, o eang sebeteng haufi le lerako la mpa, kahoo o robeha ka li-capillaries.

Mothapong oa sebete oa sebete, mali a bokelloa ho tsoa methapong ea likarolo tsohle tsa mpa le mala, sebeteng a phatloha ka li-capillaries. Ho na le ho kopana ha li-capillaries tsa renal ka har'a methapo, e phallang 'me e phalla ka morao e sa sebetseng ea vena cava,' me methapo e tsoang ho litšoelesa tsa thobalano e boetse e phalla moo. Vena cava e ka morao e feta sebeteng, empa mali a nang le eona ha a kene ka har'a sebete, methapo e menyenyane e tsoang sebeteng e phalla ho eona, 'me eona, e phallela ka har'a sinus ea venous. Likokoana-hloko tsohle tsa caudate le li-nurans tse ling li boloka methapo ea ka morao ea cardinal, e phallang ka hare ho vena cava e ka pele.

mali a methapo, e nang le oxidized letlalong, e bokelloa ka har'a mothapo o moholo oa letlalo, 'me mothapo oa letlalo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, o tsamaisa mali a venous ka har'a mothapo oa subclavia ka ho toba ho tloha mothapong oa brachial. Methapo ea subclavia e kopana le methapo ea ka hare le e ka ntle ea jugular ho ea ka ho le letšehali anterior vena cava, e tšollang ka har'a sinus ea venous. Mali a tsoang moo a qala ho phalla ka atrium ka lehlakoreng le letona. Methapong ea pulmonary, mali a arterial a bokelloa ho tsoa matšoafong, 'me methapo e phalla ho atrium ka lehlakoreng le letšehali.

Mali a arterial le atria

Ha phefumoloho e le pulmonary, mali a tsoakiloeng a qala ho bokella ka atrium ka lehlakoreng le letona: e na le mali a venous le a arterial, mali a venous a tsoa mafapheng 'ohle ka vena cava,' me mali a arterial a tla ka methapo ea letlalo. mali a methapo e tlatsa atrium ka lehlakoreng le letšehali, mali a tsoa matšoafong. Ha ho fokotseha ha atria ka nako e le 'ngoe, mali a kena ka har'a ventricle, ho hōla ha marako a mpa ha ho lumelle mali ho tsoakana: mali a venous a rena ka har'a ventricle e nepahetseng,' me mali a arterial a laola ventricle e letšehali.

Khoune ea arterial e tloha ventricle ka lehlakoreng le letona, kahoo ha ventricle e hohela ka khouneng, mali a venous a qala ho kena, a tlatsang methapo ea matšoafo ea letlalo. Haeba ventricle e ntse e tsoela pele ho honyela ka har'a arterial cone, khatello e qala ho eketseha, valve ea spiral e qala ho sisinyeha 'me. e bula masoba a makhotla a aortic, ho tsona mali a tsoakiloeng a phalla ho tsoa bohareng ba ventricle. Ka ho fokotseha ho feletseng ha ventricle, mali a methapo ea mali a tsoang halofo e letšehali a kena ka kholeng.

E ke ke ea khona ho fetela ka har'a arched aorta le pulmonary cutaneous arteries, hobane ba se ba ntse ba e-na le mali, ao ka khatello e matla e fetolang valve ea spiral, e bula melomo ea methapo ea carotid, mali a arterial a tla phalla moo, a tla romelloa. ho isa hloohong. Haeba phefumoloho ea matšoafo e tima nako e telele, mohlala, nakong ea mariha tlas'a metsi, mali a mangata a tla phalla hloohong.

Oksijene e kena bokong ka tekanyo e nyane, hobane ho na le ho fokotseha ka kakaretso mosebetsing oa metabolism 'me phoofolo e oela ka har'a stupor. Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing tse phelang sebakeng sa caudate, lesoba hangata le sala pakeng tsa atria ka bobeli, 'me valve ea spiral cone ea arterial cone ha e ntlafatsoe hantle. Ka hona, mali a tsoakaneng ka ho fetisisa a kena ka har'a li-arches ho feta ho li-amphibians tse se nang mohatla.

Le hoja li-amphibians li na le phallo ea mali e tsamaea ka lidikadikwe tse peli, ka lebaka la hore ventricle e le 'ngoe, ha e ba lumelle ho arohana ka ho feletseng. Sebopeho sa tsamaiso e joalo se amana ka ho toba le litho tsa phefumoloho, tse nang le sebopeho se habeli 'me li lumellana le mokhoa oa bophelo oo li-amphibians li o tsamaisang. Sena se etsa hore ho khonehe ho phela fatše le metsing ho qeta nako e ngata.

Mokotla o mofubelu

Mokotla o mofubelu oa masapo a tubular o qala ho hlaha ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing. Palo ea mali kaofela e fihla ho liphesente tse supileng tsa boima bohle ba phoofolo ea metsing, 'me hemoglobin e fapana ho tloha ho tse peli ho isa ho tse leshome lekholong kapa ho fihla ho ligrama tse hlano ka kilogram ea boima, matla a oksijene maling a fapana ho tloha ho tse peli le halofo ho isa ho tse leshome le metso e meraro. liphesente tse, lipalo tsena li phahame ha li bapisoa le litlhapi.

Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing li na le lisele tse kholo tse khubelu tsa mali, empa ho na le tse seng kae tsa tsona: ho tloha ho likete tse mashome a mabeli ho isa ho tse makholo a supileng le mashome a mararo ka li-cubic millimeter ea mali. Palo ea mali ea li-larvae e tlase ho feta ea batho ba baholo. Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing, joalo ka litlhapi, maemo a tsoekere ea mali a fetoha ho ea ka linako tsa selemo. E bonts'a litekanyetso tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa litlhapi, 'me ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing, ho tloha ho karolo ea leshome ho isa ho mashome a tšeletseng lekholong, ha e le anurans ho tloha ho mashome a mane ho isa ho mashome a robeli lekholong.

Ha lehlabula le fela, ho na le keketseho e matla ea lik'habohaedreite maling, ha ho lokisetsoa mariha, hobane lik'habohaedreite li bokellana mesifa le sebete, hammoho le nakong ea selemo, ha nako ea ho ikatisa e qala 'me lik'habohaedreite li kena maling. Likokoana-hloko li na le mokhoa oa ho laola li-hormone tsa metabolism ea carbohydrate, le hoja e sa phethahala.

Litaelo tse tharo tsa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing

Ma-Amphibians li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse latelang:

• Amphibians tse se nang mohatla. Sehlopha sena se na le mefuta e ka bang sekete le makholo a robeli e ikamahantseng le naha, e qhomela maotong a eona a ka morao, a bolelele. Taelo ena e kenyelletsa linqanqane, linqanqane, likhoho, joalo-joalo. Ho na le mehatla lik'honthinenteng tsohle, mokhelo feela ke Antarctica. Tsena li kenyeletsa: linqanqane tsa sebele, lihohoana tsa lifate, maleme a chitja, linqanqane tsa sebele, litšukulu, liphala le li-spadefoot.
• Liphoofolo tsa Amphibians lia hlolla. Ke tsa khale ka ho fetisisa. Ho na le mefuta e ka bang makholo a mabeli le mashome a robeli ho tsona kaofela. Mefuta eohle ea li-newt le salamanders ke tsa tsona, li lula karolong e ka leboea ea lefatše. Sena se kenyelletsa lelapa la protea, li-salamanders tse se nang matšoafo, li-salamanders tsa 'nete le li-salamanders.
• Amphibious legless. Ho na le mefuta e ka bang likete tse mashome a mahlano a metso e mehlano, boholo ba eona e phela ka tlas'a lefatše. Li-amphibians tsena ke tsa khale haholo, li pholohile ho fihlela mehleng ea rona ka lebaka la hore li khonne ho ikamahanya le mokhoa oa ho phela ka mekoting.

Amphibian artery ke ea mefuta e latelang:

1. Methapo ea carotid e fana ka mali a tsoang hloohong.
2. Methapo ea letlalo-pulmonary - e isa mali a venous letlalong le matšoafong.
3. Li-arches tsa aortic li tsamaisa mali a kopantsoeng le litho tse setseng.

Li-amphibians ke libatana, litšoelesa tsa mathe, tse ntlafalitsoeng hantle, li-moisturize tsa tsona tsa lekunutu:

• puo
• dijo le molomo.

Li-Amphibians li ile tsa hlaha bohareng kapa ka tlase ho Devonian, ke hore lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse makholo a mararo tse fetileng. Litlhapi ke baholo-holo ba tsona, li na le matšoafo 'me li na le mapheo a kopantsoeng, ao ho ka etsahalang hore ebe ho ile ha etsoa maoto le matsoho a menoana e mehlano. Litlhapi tsa khale tsa lobe-finned li finyella litlhoko tsena. Li na le matšoafo, ’me masapong a mapheoana, likarolo tse tšoanang le likarolo tsa masapo a leoto la lefatše le menoana e mehlano li bonahala ka ho hlaka. Hape, taba ea hore li-amphibians li tsoa ho litlhapi tsa khale tsa lobe-finned li bontšoa ke ho tšoana ho matla ha masapo a mangata a lehata, a tšoanang le mahata a li-amphibians tsa nako ea Paleozoic.

Likhopo tse ka tlaase le tse ka holimo li ne li boetse li le teng ho lobe-finned le amphibians. Leha ho le joalo, lungfish, e neng e e-na le matšoafo, e ne e fapane haholo le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing. Kahoo, likarolo tsa ho tsamaea le ho hema, tse fanang ka monyetla oa ho ea naheng ho baholo-holo ba li-amphibians, li ile tsa hlaha le ha e ne e le liphoofolo tse phelang metsing feela.

Lebaka le ileng la sebetsa e le motheo oa ho hlaha ha liphetoho tsena, ho hlakile, puso e ikhethang ea matamo a nang le metsi a hloekileng, 'me mefuta e meng ea litlhapi tse entsoeng ka lobe e ne e lula ho tsona. Sena e ka ba ho omisa nako le nako kapa ho hloka oksijene. Ntho e ka sehloohong e ka sehloohong ea baeloji e ileng ea fetoha qeto nakong ea khefu ea baholo-holo ba letamo le ho lula ha bona fatše ke lijo tse ncha tseo ba li fumaneng sebakeng sa bona se secha sa bolulo.

Ditho tsa ho hema diphoofotsoana tse phelang metsing

Li-amphibians li na le litho tse latelang tsa phefumoloho:

• Matšoafo ke litho tsa ho hema.
• Li-Gills. Li teng ka har'a li-tadpoles le baahi ba bang ba karolo ea metsi.
• Litho tsa phefumoloho e eketsehileng ka mokhoa oa letlalo le lesela la mucous la oropharyngeal cavity.

Ho li-amphibians, matšoafo a hlahisoa ka mokhoa oa mekotla e kopantsoeng, e se nang letho ka hare. Li na le marako a masesaane haholo ka botenya, 'me ka hare ho na le sebopeho sa sele se tsoetseng pele hanyane. Leha ho le joalo, li-amphibians li na le matšoafo a manyenyane. Ka mohlala, ho lihoho, karo-karolelano ea holim'a matšoafo ho letlalo e lekanngoa ka karolelano ea tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo, ha e bapisoa le liphoofolo tse anyesang, tseo karo-karolelano ena e leng mashome a mahlano, 'me ka linako tse ling e feta ka makhetlo a lekholo molemong oa matšoafo.

Ka phetoho ea tsamaiso ea phefumoloho ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing, phetoho mokhoeng oa ho phefumoloha. Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing li ntse li e-na le mofuta oa khale oa ho hema o qobelloang. Moea o huleloa ka mokoting oa molomo, bakeng sa sena linko li bulehile 'me karolo e ka tlase ea lesapo la molomo e theoha. Ebe linko li koaloa ka li-valve, 'me fatše molomong oa phahama ka lebaka leo moea o kenang matšoafong.

Tsamaiso ea methapo e joang ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing

Liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing, boko bo boima ho feta litlhapi. Haeba re nka peresente ea boima ba boko le boima, joale litlhapi tsa morao-rao tse nang le lefufuru, palo e tla ba 0,06-0,44%, tlhapi ea masapo 0,02-0,94%, ka li-amphibians tailed 0,29. -0,36 %, ho liphoofolo tse phelang metsing tse se nang mohatla 0,50–0,73%.

Boko ba pele ba li-amphibians bo tsoetse pele ho feta ba litlhapi; ho ne ho e-na le karohano e feletseng ea li-hemisphere tse peli. Hape, tsoelo-pele e hlalosoa ka litaba tsa palo e kholoanyane ea lisele tsa methapo.

Boko bo entsoe ka likarolo tse hlano:

1. Boko ba forebrain bo boholo haholo, bo arotsoeng ka li-hemisphere tse peli 'me bo na le li-lobes tsa monko.
2. Diencephalon e ntlafalitsoeng hantle.
3. Cerebellum e sa ntlafatsoang hantle. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore motsamao oa li-amphibians o monotonous ebile ha o thata.
4. Bohareng ba tsamaiso ea ho potoloha ha mali, tšilo ea lijo le ho hema ke medulla oblongata.
5. Pono le molumo oa mesifa ea masapo li laoloa ke boko ba bohareng.

Mokhoa oa bophelo oa liphoofolo tse phelang metsing

Mokhoa oa bophelo oo li-amphibians li o tsamaisang o amana ka kotloloho le physiology le sebopeho sa tsona. Litho tsa ho phefumoloha ha lia phethahala ka sebopeho - sena se sebetsa matšoafong, haholo-holo ka lebaka la sena, ho siuoa kemiso ho mekhoa e meng ea litho. Mongobo o lula o fetoha mouoane letlalong, e etsang hore liphoofolo tse phelang metsing li itšetlehe ka boteng ba mongobo tikolohong. Mocheso oa tikoloho eo liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le liphoofolo tse phelang ho eona le tsona ke tsa bohlokoa haholo, hobane ha li na mali a futhumetseng.

Baemeli ba sehlopha sena ba na le mokhoa o fapaneng oa bophelo, kahoo ho na le phapang ea sebopeho. Mefuta-futa le bongata ba li-amphibians li phahame haholo libakeng tsa tropike, moo ho nang le mongobo o phahameng 'me hoo e batlang e le kamehla mocheso oa moea o phahame.

Ha e le haufi le palo, mefuta ea li-amphibians e fokotseha. Ho na le li-amphibians tse fokolang haholo libakeng tse omeletseng le tse batang tsa lefatše. Ha ho na li-amphibians moo ho se nang matamo, esita le a nakoana, hobane hangata mahe a ka hlaha ka metsing feela. Ha ho na li-amphibians metsing a letsoai, letlalo la bona ha le boloke khatello ea osmotic le tikoloho ea hypertonic.

Mahe ha a hlahe matamong a metsi a letsoai. Amphibians li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse latelang ho ea ka sebopeho sa sebaka sa bolulo:

• metsi,
• tsa lefatshe.

Lefatše le ka ea hole le libaka tsa metsi, haeba sena e se nako ea ho ikatisa. Empa tse phelang metsing, ho fapana le hoo, li qeta bophelo bohle ba tsona li le metsing, kapa li le haufi haholo le metsi. Li-caudates, mefuta ea metsing e atile, mefuta e meng ea anuran le eona e ka ba ea bona, Russia, mohlala, tsena ke letamo kapa lihohoana tsa letša.

Arboreal amphibians e ajoa haholo har'a lefatše, mohlala, lihohoana tsa copepod le lihohoana tsa lifate. Liphoofolo tse ling tsa lefatše li phela bophelo ba ho phunya mekoting, mohlala, tse ling ha li na mohatla, 'me hoo e ka bang kaofela ha li na maoto. Ho baahi ba mobu, e le molao, matšoafo a ntlafatsoa hamolemo, 'me letlalo ha le amehe haholo mosebetsing oa ho hema. Ka lebaka lena, ha ba itšetlehe hakaalo ka mongobo oa tikoloho eo ba phelang ho eona.

Li-amphibians li etsa mesebetsi ea bohlokoa e fetohang selemo le selemo, ho latela palo ea bona. E fapane ka mekhahlelo e itseng, ka linako tse itseng le tlas'a maemo a itseng a leholimo. Amphibians, ho feta linonyana, li senya likokoanyana tse nang le tatso e mpe le monko, hammoho le likokoanyana tse nang le 'mala o sireletsang. Ha hoo e ka bang linonyana tsohle tse jang likokoanyana li robala, liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing lia tsoma.

Ke khale bo-rasaense ba ela hloko taba ea hore liphoofolo tse phelang metsing le metsing li na le molemo o moholo e le likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana lirapeng tsa meroho le lirapa tsa lifate tsa litholoana. Balemi ba lirapa ba Holland, Hungary le Engelane ba ile ba tlisa lihoho tse tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng ka ho khetheha, ba li lokolla ka li-greenhouses le lirapeng. Bohareng ba lilemo tse mashome a mararo, mefuta e ka bang lekholo le mashome a mahlano ea li-aga toad e ile ea romeloa linaheng tse ling ho tloha Antilles le Hawaiian Islands. Li ile tsa qala ho ata 'me liqoaha tse fetang milione tsa lokolloa masimong a 'moba, litholoana tsa feta tsohle tse neng li lebelletsoe.

Pono le kutlo ya diphoofolo tse phelang metsing

Mahlo a Amphibian a sireletsa khahlanong le ho koala le ho omella mahlo a ka tlase le a ka hodimo a suthang, hammoho le lera la nictitating. Cornea e ile ea fetoha convex le lense lenticular. Ha e le hantle, li-amphibians li bona lintho tse tsamaeang.

Ha e le litho tsa kutlo, ho ile ha hlaha lesapo la kutlo le tsebe e bohareng. Ponahalo ena e bakoa ke taba ea hore ho ile ha hlokahala ho lemoha ho thothomela ha molumo hantle, hobane sebaka sa moea se na le sepakapaka se phahameng ho feta metsi.