Liketane tsa lijo ke life merung e fapaneng: tlhaloso le mehlala

Ketane ea lijo ke phetisetso ea matla ho tsoa mohloling oa eona ka letoto la lintho tse phelang. Libōpuoa tsohle tse phelang li hokahane, kaha li sebeletsa e le lintho tsa lijo bakeng sa lintho tse ling tse phelang. Liketane tsohle tsa lijo li na le lihokelo tse tharo ho isa ho tse hlano. Ba pele hangata ke bahlahisi - likokoana-hloko tseo ka botsona li khonang ho hlahisa lintho tse phelang ho tsoa ho tse sa tsitsang. Tsena ke limela tse fumanang limatlafatsi ka photosynthesis. Ka mor'a moo ho tla bareki - tsena ke likokoana-hloko tsa heterotrophic tse amohelang lintho tse entsoeng ka tlhaho. Tsena e tla ba liphoofolo: li-herbivores le li-carnivores. Sehokelo se koalang sa ketane ea lijo hangata ke li-decomposers - likokoana-hloko tse senyang lintho tse phelang.

Ketane ea lijo e ke ke ea e-ba le lihokelo tse tšeletseng kapa ho feta, kaha sehokelo se seng le se seng se secha se fumana 10% feela ea matla a sehokelo se fetileng, 90% e 'ngoe e lahlehile ka mokhoa oa mocheso.

Ketane ea lijo ke eng?

Ho na le mefuta e 'meli: lekhulo le detritus. Tsa pele li atile haholo ka tlhaho. Ka liketane tse joalo, sehokelo sa pele ke kamehla bahlahisi (limela). Li lateloa ke bareki ba taelo ea pele - liphoofolo tse jang limela. E latelang - bareki ba taelo ea bobeli - libatana tse nyenyane. Ka mor'a bona ke bareki ba taelo ea boraro - libatana tse khōlō. Ho feta moo, ho ka 'na ha e-ba le bareki ba maemo a bone, hangata liketane tse telele joalo tsa lijo li fumaneha maoatleng. Sehokelo sa ho qetela ke li-decomposers.

Mofuta oa bobeli oa li-circuits tsa motlakase - detritus - e atile haholo merung le masabasabeng. Li hlaha ka lebaka la hore boholo ba matla a semela ha a jeoe ke likokoana-hloko tse jang limela, empa a shoa, ebe a senyeha ke li-decomposer le mineralized.

Liketane tsa lijo tsa mofuta ona li qala ho tloha ho detritus - masalla a tlhaho a limela le liphoofolo. Bareki ba pele ka liketane tse joalo tsa lijo ke likokoanyana, tse kang maleshoane, kapa li-scavenger, tse kang mafiritšoane, liphiri, manong. Ho phaella moo, libaktheria tse jang masala a limela e ka ba bareki ba pele ka liketane tse joalo.

Ho biogeocenoses, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e hokahane ka tsela eo mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang e ka bang teng barupeluoa mefuteng e 'meli ea liketane tsa lijo.

Ketane ea lijo merung e melang le e tsoakiloeng

Meru e hlabang haholo e ajoa Karolong e ka Leboea ea Lefatše. Li fumaneha Europe Bophirimela le Bohareng, Scandinavia Boroa, Urals, Siberia Bophirimela, Asia Bochabela, Florida Leboea.

Meru e metsu e arotsoe ka mahlaku a sephara le a mahlaku a manyane. Ea pele e khetholloa ke lifate tse kang oak, linden, molora, maple, elm. Ea bobeli - birch, alder, aspen.

Meru e tsoakiloeng ke eo ho eona ho melang lifate tsa coniferous le tse hlabang. Meru e tsoakiloeng ke tšobotsi ea sebaka se futhumetseng sa leholimo. Li fumaneha ka boroa ho Scandinavia, Caucasus, Carpathians, Bochabela bo Hōle, Siberia, California, Appalachian, haufi le Matša a Maholo.

Meru e tsoakiloeng e na le lifate tse kang spruce, phaene, oak, linden, maple, elm, apole, fir, beech, hornbeam.

E atile haholo merung e melang le e tsoakiloeng ketane ea lijo tsa lekhulo. Khokahano ea pele ea ketane ea lijo merung hangata ke mefuta e mengata ea litlama, monokotsoai o kang raspberries, blueberries, fragole. elderberry, makhapetla a sefate, linate, li-cones.

Hangata bareki ba pele e tla ba liphoofolo tse jang litlama tse kang likhama, likhama, litoeba, litoeba, mohlala, squirrels, litoeba, shrews le mebutlanyana.

Bareki ba mofuta oa bobeli ke libatana. Hangata ke phokojoe, phiri, weasel, ermine, lynx, owl le tse ling. Mohlala o hlakileng oa 'nete ea hore mefuta e tšoanang e kenya letsoho makhulong le liketane tsa lijo tse senyang e tla ba phiri: e ka tsoma liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane le ho ja nama.

Bareki ba maemo a bobedi ba ka fetoha phofu ya dibatana tse kgolo, haholo dinonyana: mohlala, merubisi e menyane e ka jewa ke diphakoe.

Sehokelo se koalang se tla ba lihlahlela (libaktheria tsa ho bola).

Mehlala ea mekoloko ea lijo morung oa lifate tsa coniferous:

• makhapetla a birch - hare - wolf - li-decomposers;
• lehong - larva ea Maybug - woodpecker - hawk - decomposers;
• leaf litter (detritus) – liboko – shrews – owl – decomposers.

Likarolo tsa liketane tsa lijo merung ea coniferous

Meru e joalo e ka leboea ho Eurasia le Amerika Leboea. Li na le lifate tse kang phaene, spruce, fir, kedare, larch le tse ling.

Mona ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapane haholo le meru e tsoakaneng le e hlabang.

Khokahano ea pele tabeng ena e ke ke ea e-ba joang, empa moss, lihlahla kapa lichens. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore merung ea coniferous ha ho na leseli le lekaneng bakeng sa sekoahelo sa joang bo teteaneng.

Ka lebaka leo, liphoofolo tse tla fetoha bareki ba taelo ea pele li tla fapana - ha lia lokela ho ja joang, empa moss, lichens kapa lihlahla. Ho ka ba joalo mefuta e meng ea likhama.

Ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore lihlahla le li-mosses li atile haholo, limela le lihlahla tsa herbaceous li ntse li fumanoa merung ea coniferous. Tsena ke nettle, celandine, fragola, elderberry. Li-hares, li-moose, li-squirrels hangata li ja lijo tse joalo, tseo le tsona e ka bang bareki ba pele.

Bareki ba taelo ea bobeli e tla ba, joalo ka meru e tsoakiloeng, libatana. Tsena ke mink, bere, wolverine, lynx le tse ling.

Libatana tse nyenyane tse kang mink li ka ba phofu ea tsona bareki ba taelo ea boraro.

Sehokelo se koalang e tla ba li-microorganisms tsa ho bola.

Ho phaella moo, merung ea coniferous e tloaelehile haholo ketane ea lijo tse kotsi. Mona, sehokelo sa pele hangata e tla ba humus ea semela, e feptjoang ke libaktheria tsa mobu, e fetoha lijo tsa liphoofolo tse se nang li-unicellular tse jeoang ke li-fungus. Hangata liketane tse joalo li telele 'me li ka ba le lihokelo tse fetang tse hlano.

Mehlala ea liketane tsa lijo morung oa coniferous:

• linate tsa phaene - squirrel - mink - li-decomposers;
• semela humus (detritus) - libaktheria - protozoa - fungus - bere - decomposers.